Journal of Research Administration

Abstract

Automation and IOT are transforming hydroponic and aquaponic farming practices in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA), improving their sustainability, scalability, and efficiency. This review examines the integration of key technologies, including automated pH and nutrient management systems, advanced lighting options, and Internet of Things-enabled smart farming techniques. Although these innovations have drawbacks like high initial capital investment, technical complexity, and energy demands, they also greatly increase productivity, optimize resource use, and reduce reliance on labour. This article addresses scalability and energy constraints by examining case studies that show improvements in yield and resource efficiency. Technologies such as AI-driven analytics and off-grid power solutions are recognized as promising pathways to address these challenges. This paper primarily focuses on controlling the pH level of integrated farming using a IOT system.